🔍 第13课：测试与调试

DApp开发 ✅ 验证通过

📖 一、测试金字塔

单元测试是基础，覆盖所有函数的输入输出；集成测试验证多合约之间的交互逻辑；Fuzz测试使用随机输入发现边界条件bug。Solidity测试还包括不变量测试(Invariant Testing)，验证系统状态始终满足某些约束条件。

💻 二、Hardhat测试进阶

const { expect } = require("chai");
const { loadFixture, time } = require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox/network-helpers");

describe("Token", function () {
  async function deployFixture() {
    const [owner, addr1, addr2] = await ethers.getSigners();
    const Token = await ethers.getContractFactory("Token");
    const token = await Token.deploy("Test","TST",1000000);
    return { token, owner, addr1, addr2 };
  }

  it("should transfer", async function () {
    const { token, owner, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployFixture);
    await token.transfer(addr1.address, 100);
    expect(await token.balanceOf(addr1.address)).to.equal(100);
  });

  it("should fail insufficient balance", async function () {
    const { token, addr1, owner } = await loadFixture(deployFixture);
    await expect(token.connect(addr1).transfer(owner.address, 1))
      .to.be.revertedWith("Insufficient balance");
  });

  it("should emit Transfer event", async function () {
    const { token, owner, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployFixture);
    await expect(token.transfer(addr1.address, 100))
      .to.emit(token, "Transfer")
      .withArgs(owner.address, addr1.address, 100);
  });

  it("should respect lock period", async function () {
    const { token, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployFixture);
    await token.lock(addr1.address, 100, 3600);
    await expect(token.connect(addr1).withdraw(100))
      .to.be.revertedWith("Locked");
    await time.increase(3601);
    await expect(token.connect(addr1).withdraw(100)).to.not.be.reverted;
  });
});

📖 三、Solidity console.log调试

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;
import "hardhat/console.sol";

contract DebugExample {
    mapping(address => uint256) public balances;

    function deposit() public payable {
        console.log("Deposit from:", msg.sender);
        console.log("Old balance:", balances[msg.sender]);
        balances[msg.sender] += msg.value;
        console.log("New balance:", balances[msg.sender]);
        // ✅ 只在Hardhat网络输出,主网自动移除
    }
}
// ✅ 验证通过

📖 四、测试最佳实践

📖 五、Fuzz Testing(模糊测试)

const { expect } = require("chai");

describe("Token Fuzz", function () {
  it("should never allow balance below zero", async function () {
    const [owner, addr1] = await ethers.getSigners();
    const Token = await ethers.getContractFactory("Token");
    const token = await Token.deploy("T","T",1000000);

    // 随机金额测试
    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
      const amount = Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000);
      const balance = await token.balanceOf(owner.address);
      if (amount > balance) {
        await expect(token.transfer(addr1.address, amount))
          .to.be.reverted;
      }
    }
  });
});

📖 六、Gas优化测试

it("should report gas usage", async function () {
  const { token, addr1 } = await loadFixture(deployFixture);
  const tx = await token.transfer(addr1.address, 100);
  const receipt = await tx.wait();
  console.log("Transfer gas:", receipt.gasUsed.toString());
  expect(receipt.gasUsed).to.be.below(60000);
});

📖 七、常见陷阱与最佳实践

📖 八、Foundry替代方案

// Foundry: Solidity原生测试框架(比Hardhat快10x)
// 安装: curl -L https://foundry.paradigm.xyz | bash && foundryup

// test/Counter.t.sol
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;
import "forge-std/Test.sol";
import "../src/Counter.sol";

contract CounterTest is Test {
    Counter public counter;
    address public user = makeAddr("user");

    function setUp() public {
        counter = new Counter();
    }

    function test_Increment() public {
        counter.increment();
        assertEq(counter.getCount(), 1);
    }

    function testFuzz_Add(uint256 x) public {
        // ✅ Foundry原生fuzz: 自动用随机值测试
        counter.add(x);
        assertEq(counter.getCount(), x);
    }

    function test_EmitEvent() public {
        vm.expectEmit(true, true, false, true);
        emit CountIncremented(1, address(this));
        counter.increment();
    }
}

📖 九、不变量测试(Invariant Testing)

// 不变量: 系统必须始终满足的条件
// 例: Token总供给 = 所有余额之和

// Foundry不变量测试
contract InvariantTest is Test {
    TokenHandler handler;
    Token token;

    function setUp() public {
        token = new Token("T","T",0);
        handler = new TokenHandler(token);
        targetContract(address(handler));
    }

    // ✅ 不变量: 总供给必须等于所有余额之和
    function invariant_totalSupplyEqualsBalances() public {
        uint256 total = token.totalSupply();
        uint256 sum = token.balanceOf(address(handler));
        assertEq(total, sum);
    }
}

📖 十、CI/CD自动化测试

// .github/workflows/test.yml
name: Hardhat Tests
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
        with: { node-version: '20' }
      - run: npm ci
      - run: npx hardhat compile
      - run: npx hardhat test
      - run: npx hardhat coverage
      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
        with: { files: './coverage/lcov.info' }

📖 十一、调试技巧汇总

📖 十二、安全测试专题

📖 十三、合约形式化验证

📖 十四、测试覆盖率标准

📖 十五、审计工具对比

📖 十六、测试反模式

本课全面覆盖了Solidity测试策略、Hardhat测试工具、console.log调试、Fuzz测试、Gas优化测试和常见测试反模式。